most lesions ≤ 4 cm are asymptomatic
renal masses with fat content is pathognomonic for AML
renal biopsy from AML carries a high risk of hemorrhage
may coexist with malignant lesions, such as sarcomas and RCCs
B. renal masses with fat content is pathognomonic for AML
the quality of the kidney and renal function prior to surgery
the quantity of vascularized parenchymal mass preserved after excision
the tumor
warm ischemia time
. What is an indication for radical nephrectomy?
a 6-cm, polar tumor
bilateral RCC
locally advanced RCC
radiographically, it is indistinguishable from RCC
has a female predominance
has a benign clinical course
has a peak incidence in the third decade of life
RCC
AML
teratoma
any of the above
glomerulocystic kidney disease (GCKD)
Juvenile nephronophthisis (JNPHP)
medullary cystic kidney disease
all of the above
abdominal CT
chest X-ray
renal function test
liver function test
. Metastatic tumors to the kidney are common from all of the following organs, EXCEPT:
lungs
thyroid
breasts
margin status and grade
tumor size
tumor stage
the time interval between the tumor emergence and excision
progress to ESRD in the sixth decade of life
hypertension is seen in 80% of patients with ADPKD aged 20-34 years
aortic valve stenosis in 25%
manifestations are more significant in patients with the PKD2 genotype
papillary RCC
renal metastases
renal oncocytoma
renal xanthogranuloma
papillary subtype of RCC has a tendency to multifocality
chromosome 13 alterations are common in the development of clear cell renal carcinoma
a solid mass on CT that enhances more than 15 HU is suggestive of RCC
bilateral involvement in RCC either synchronously or metachronously occurs in 2% to 4% of patients
acquired cystic renal disease
juvenile nephronophthisis
medullary sponge kidney
bilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney
the central scar on CT or MRI, and the spoke-wheel pattern of vessels on angiograms are not specific to oncocytoma
calcification, necrosis, and hemorrhage are rare in oncocytomas
it is thought to arise from the basement membrane of proximal convoluted tubules
treatment is partial nephrectomy or tumor excision
type II DM, especially in males
hypertension
obesity, especially in females
cigarette smoking
. What is the relapse rate for completely resected RCC after radical nephrectomy?
1- 10%
10 - 20%
20 - 30%
< - 10 HU
< - 20 HU
< 10 HU
< 20 HU
. What is the most common histologic subtype of renal sarcomas?
rhabdomyosarcoma
nephrosarcoma
leiomyosarcoma
. What is NOT an indication for simple nephrectomy?
symptomatic chronic renal infection with poor function
some cases of renovascular hypertension
symptomatic calculus disease with poor renal function
. Manifestations of paraneoplastic syndrome associated with RCC include all of the following, EXCEPT:
anemia and erythrocytosis
hepatic dysfunction and elevated human chorionic gonadotropin levels
hypocalcemia
ARPKD accounts for 5% of ESRD in children
more than one-half of patients with ARPKD require kidney transplant before age 20 years
ADPKD is a common cause of ESRD
uncommonly, juvenile nephronophthisis causes ESRD in children
70 - 85%
55 - 70%
40 - 55%
25 - 40%
nuclear size, outline, and nucleoli
cohesiveness and the degree of cellular atypia
chromatin structure and content of the interphase nucleus
multinucleation and mitosis
repeat ablation
active surveillance
salvage surgery
radical nephrectomy
clear cell
chromophobe
papillary
renal medullary
at autopsy
by staining positive for human melanoma black (HMB)-45
by fine-needle aspiration cytology
by exclusion
is the first and most reliable radiologic examination to study IVC thrombi
is reserved for patients with equivocal MRI or CT findings
is obsolete and has fallen out of use
carries a risk of IVC terrible bleeding that outweighs the diagnostic merits
mutations in the MCKD1 (chromosome 1q21) gene
mutations in the MCKD2 (chromosome 16q12) gene
inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion
all of the above
fibrosarcoma
leiomyosarcoma
carcinoid
adult Wilm`s tumor
physically active patients with good performance status
extirpation of the primary tumor
long disease-free interval between initial nephrectomy and the emergence of secondaries
all of the above
most lesions ≤ 4 cm are asymptomatic
renal masses with fat content is pathognomonic for AML
renal biopsy from AML carries a high risk of hemorrhage
may coexist with malignant lesions, such as sarcomas and RCCs