vas deferens
seminal vesicles
appendix epididymis
appendix testis
D. appendix testis
at mid-day
at the hour of sleep
in the morning
late afternoon
mechanical compression by the gravid uterus
physiological increase urine flow during pregnancy
elevated levels of progesterone
reflex inhibition of ureteral contractions
there are 4 surgical segments of the kidney, based on the segmental artery distribution
along the kidney convexity, there is an avascular plane
there are no collaterals between segmental arteries
in < 10%, the posterior branch is the first to branch off the renal artery
hyperoxaluria
hypercalciuria
hyperuricosuria
hyperphosphateuria
median sacral artery
inferior phrenic arteries
gonadal arteries
all of the above
Serratia marcescens
Streptococcus pyogenes
Clostridium difficile
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
cisplatin
ifosfamide
phosphomycin
amphotericin B
increase in sympathetic discharge
contraction of ischiocavernosa and bulbocavernosa muscles
increase arterial flow and closure of emissary veins
shunting of blood from the dorsal to the central cavernosal artery
seminal vesicles
the prostate
testes
bulbourethral glands
ureteral atresia
vesicoureteral reflux
ureteropelvic junction obstruction
ureteral duplication
43 ml/hr of normal saline
78 ml/hr of ¼ normal saline
69 ml/hr of ½ normal saline
54 ml/hr of ¼ normal saline
aldosterone
hypocalcemia
parathyroid hormone
vitamin D
hypotension and tachycardia
hypotension and bradycardia
hypertension and tachycardia
hypertension and bradycardia
super fertility
increase aromatization reaction
increase resistance to circulating insulin
sleep apnea
should be investigated thoroughly like hematuria
is rarely associated with significant urologic pathology
carries a risk of infertility
mandates testicular biopsy
prostatic fascia and levator fascia
prostate capsule and prostatic fascia
Denonvilliers fascia and prostate capsule
Denonvilliers fascia and endopelvic fascia
each epididymis can be palpable at the postero-lateral surface of the testis
has 3 parts; head, body, and tail
new batches of sperms stay in the epididymis around 2 days for maturation
shares the same blood supply of the testis
increase collecting duct permeability
increase medullary blood flow
decrease cortical blood flow
decrease potassium secretion
150 ml
200 ml
250 ml
300 ml
erythropoietin
renin
angiotensin I
angiotensinogen
catalase activity of erythrocytes
peroxidase activity of erythrocytes
lyase activity of erythrocytes
none of the above
type 1
type 2
type 3
type 4
at either side of the prostate
in the pubo-prostatic space
anterior to the seminal vesicles
posterior to the vaso-epididymal junction
100
50
10
5
uretero-pelvic junction
uretero-vesical junction
where ureters cross the pelvic brim
where ureters cross the common iliac bifurcation
amoxicillin
gentamycin
diclofenac
herb extract
degenerate after birth
called the caudal genital ligaments
help guide the testes down through the inguinal canals
represent undifferentiated mesenchyme
16
32
64
90
intermediate mesoderm
mesothelium of celomic cavity
endoderm of the urogenital sinus
somatic ectoderm
short female urethra
pregnancy
vaginal colonization with enterobacteria
all the above