chest X-ray and abdominal ultrasonography every 3 months for the first year, and then annually for 3 years
annual chest X-ray for 3 years
abdominal and chest CT every 6 months for the first year, and then annually for 3 years
no radiological examination required
B. annual chest X-ray for 3 years
papillary subtype of RCC has a tendency to multifocality
chromosome 13 alterations are common in the development of clear cell renal carcinoma
a solid mass on CT that enhances more than 15 HU is suggestive of RCC
bilateral involvement in RCC either synchronously or metachronously occurs in 2% to 4% of patients
. What is false regarding radical nephrectomy operation?
nodal involvement doesn`t influence prognosis
renal artery should be ligated before the vein to avoid kidney ballooning
cardiopulmonary bypass with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest is performed in patients with supra-diaphragmatic tumor thrombi
right hydrocele
left varicocele
painless hematuria
hypertension
RCC occurs in < 5% of patients with tuberous sclerosis
in glomerulocystic kidney disease, renal tumors are typically solitary, large, with central necrosis
in Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, renal tumors are frequently bilateral and multicentric
in acquired cystic disease, tumors are commonly bilateral, and metastatic in 15% of cases
hepatic cysts are the most common extra-renal manifestation
might experience cyst hemorrhage, renal infection, or nephrolithiasis
typically, complain of flank pain or intermittent hematuria in the early twenties
hypertension and CRF commonly occur in the fifth decade of life
most lesions ≤ 4 cm are asymptomatic
renal masses with fat content is pathognomonic for AML
renal biopsy from AML carries a high risk of hemorrhage
may coexist with malignant lesions, such as sarcomas and RCCs
the quality of the kidney and renal function prior to surgery
the quantity of vascularized parenchymal mass preserved after excision
the tumor
warm ischemia time
. What is false concerning targeted molecular therapy?
is a personalized medical therapy devised to meet each persons individual needs for cancer`s specifications
treats cancer by interrupting unique molecular abnormalities that drive cancer growth
some cancer types have different molecular targets
clear cell
chromophobe
papillary
renal medullary
repeat ablation
active surveillance
salvage surgery
radical nephrectomy
. What is the relapse rate for completely resected RCC after radical nephrectomy?
1- 10%
10 - 20%
20 - 30%
nuclear size, outline, and nucleoli
cohesiveness and the degree of cellular atypia
chromatin structure and content of the interphase nucleus
multinucleation and mitosis
renal oncocytoma
multiloculated cystic nephromas
metanephric adenoma
adenoma with clear cell
margin status and grade
tumor size
tumor stage
the time interval between the tumor emergence and excision
. In RCC, ipsilateral adrenal metastasis occurs in:
0.3 - 2%
2 - 10%
11 - 18%
cyst aspiration and sclerosis
partial nephrectomy
endoscopic marsupialization and fulguration of the cyst
administration of TKIs
autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
multicystic dysplastic kidney disease
juvenile nephronophthisis
< - 10 HU
< - 20 HU
< 10 HU
< 20 HU
at autopsy
by staining positive for human melanoma black (HMB)-45
by fine-needle aspiration cytology
by exclusion
type II DM, especially in males
hypertension
obesity, especially in females
cigarette smoking
. What is an indication for radical nephrectomy?
a 6-cm, polar tumor
bilateral RCC
locally advanced RCC
autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)
developmental cystic renal disease
inherited cystic renal disease
systemic disease with associated renal cysts
70 - 85%
55 - 70%
40 - 55%
25 - 40%
papillary RCC
renal metastases
renal oncocytoma
renal xanthogranuloma
physically active patients with good performance status
extirpation of the primary tumor
long disease-free interval between initial nephrectomy and the emergence of secondaries
all of the above
1
2
3
4
fibrosarcoma
leiomyosarcoma
carcinoid
adult Wilm`s tumor
multiloculated cystic nephromas
angiomyolipoma
metanephric adenoma
adenoma with clear cell
chest X-ray and abdominal ultrasonography every 3 months for the first year, and then annually for 3 years
annual chest X-ray for 3 years
abdominal and chest CT every 6 months for the first year, and then annually for 3 years
no radiological examination required
ARPKD accounts for 5% of ESRD in children
more than one-half of patients with ARPKD require kidney transplant before age 20 years
ADPKD is a common cause of ESRD
uncommonly, juvenile nephronophthisis causes ESRD in children