Bacterial resistance to antibiotics may occur because of:
inherited chromosomal-mediated resistance
acquired chromosomal-mediated resistance
extrachromosomal-mediated resistance
all of the above
Correct Answer :
D. all of the above
self-explanatory.
Related Questions
The mature genitourinary system develops from all of the following embryonic sources, EXCEPT:
intermediate mesoderm
mesothelium of celomic cavity
endoderm of the urogenital sinus
somatic ectoderm
What causes ureteral dilation during pregnancy is:
mechanical compression by the gravid uterus
physiological increase urine flow during pregnancy
elevated levels of progesterone
reflex inhibition of ureteral contractions
Which of the following is NOT a component of the normal semen?
zinc
fructose
prostate-specific antigen
alkaline phosphatase
Which of the renal artery occlusive conditions, commonly, do NOT affect renal function?
intimal fibroplasia
medial fibroplasia
medial hyperplasia
serosal hyperplasia
Which of the following is NOT a part of the urogenital diaphragm structures?
perineal membrane
deep transverse perineal muscle
urethral sphincter
Camper`s fascia
Which of the following is NOT a sex accessory tissue?
the prostate gland
seminal vesicles
epididymi
bulbourethral glands
What is the approximated bladder capacity of an 8 yrs. girl?
150 ml
200 ml
250 ml
300 ml
Which of the following does asymptomatic hematuria workup include?
cystoscopy
CT urography
urine cytology
all of the above
Which statement is false concerning smegma?
it is the white secretion produced under the foreskin in males
it has a crucial role in penile cancer development
it contains lysozymes, chymotrypsin, neutrophil elastase and cytokines
female smegma can be found between the labia
Which of the following carries the greatest risk of HIV transmission to health care workers?
splash of patient`s blood to the eyes
splash of patient`s blood to the mouth
surgical suture needle stick
hollow bore needle stick
Which area in the nervous system is tested by bulbocavernosus reflex?
brain stem
C2 C4
S2 - S4
L2 - L4
Which statement is false concerning the gubernaculua?
degenerate after birth
called the caudal genital ligaments
help guide the testes down through the inguinal canals
represent undifferentiated mesenchyme
Which statement regarding post-obstructive diuresis (POD) is false?
urine production exceeding 200 ml/hr for 2 consecutive hours or producing greater than 3 L of urine in 24 hours is diagnostic of POD
pathologic POD can be exacerbated by excessive fluid replacement
the replacement fluid choice is ringer lactate
fluid resuscitation depends on the degree of dehydration
What is false concerning renal vasculature?
there are 4 surgical segments of the kidney, based on the segmental artery distribution
along the kidney convexity, there is an avascular plane
there are no collaterals between segmental arteries
in < 10%, the posterior branch is the first to branch off the renal artery
Which of the following contributes second to the seminal fluid by volume?
seminal vesicles
the prostate
testes
bulbourethral glands
Which statement is false concerning microhematuria?
malignancy is identified in patients presenting with microhematuria more than in patients presenting with gross hematuria
microscopic hematuria is defined as > 3 red blood cells per high powered field (RBC/hpf) on a single specimen
warrants full hematuria workup
history of cigarette smoking is of significance
Which statement explains the first event in the micturition reflex?
opening of internal bladder sphincter
fall in urethral pressure
rise in intravesical pressure
cessation of sphincter EMG activity
Which of the following does NOT increase in prostate cancer?
human kallikrein 2
pro-PSA
free PSA
complexed PSA
Regarding renal ectopia, usually, the adrenals:
are cross ectopic
are at their normal position
travel with the kidneys
undergo ischemic atrophy
What is false concerning coagulase splitting bacteria (Griess) test?
it is a reduction reaction that converts nitrate to nitrite
nitrazine reagent papers are used to elicit the reaction
it is false negative in diluted urine, on taking vitamin C, and in gram +ve bacteria
the reaction takes 4 minutes to complete
Which structure is a part of the renal hilum?
renal pelvis
branches of the renal artery
tributaries of renal vein
all of the above
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics may occur because of:
inherited chromosomal-mediated resistance
acquired chromosomal-mediated resistance
extrachromosomal-mediated resistance
all of the above
What helps in treating Candida albicans cystitis is:
sodium bicarbonate
phyto soya
ascorbic acid
sol palmetto
Which of the following lab results indicates prerenal failure?
serum BUN : creatinine > 20
urine [Na] < 30 mEq/L
Na excretion fraction < 1
all of the above
Which of the following does NOT affect serum creatinine?
gender
age
obstructing stone at left lower ureter
rhabdomyolysis
Which lab results indicate poor prognosis of male infertility?
azoospermia; normal FSH; increase LH
azoospermia; decrease FSH; normal LH
oligospermia; increase FSH; normal LH
oligospermia; normal FSH; decrease LH
What is the number of bacteria per high-power field microscopy that matches colony counts of 100,000/mL?
100
50
10
5
Which hormone measures testicular germ cell function best?
LH
FSH
HCG
none of the above
What is false concerning PSA molecule?
the free form of PSA exists in small proportions in the body, and found mainly in BPH and in the ejaculate
α1- anti chymotrypsin binds to 3 epitopes of the PSA molecule to form a complexed PSA
α2- macroglobulin binds to 5 epitopes of the PSA molecule to form a complexed PSA
the purified PSA molecule has a molecular weight of 90 kDa
What are the posterior relations of the kidneys?
quadratus lumborum and diaphragm
psoas and diaphragm
psoas and latissimus dorsi
transversus abdominus and paraspinous