mechanical compression by the gravid uterus
physiological increase urine flow during pregnancy
elevated levels of progesterone
reflex inhibition of ureteral contractions
A. mechanical compression by the gravid uterus
central zone
peripheral zone
transitional zone
periurethral glands
granular
hyaline
waxy
pigment
renal tuberculosis
urinary tract stones
interstitial cystitis
all of the above
testes
prostate
seminal vesicles
bulbourethral glands
erythropoietin
renin
angiotensin I
angiotensinogen
ice slush
heparin
norepinephrine
methylene blue
mechanical compression by the gravid uterus
physiological increase urine flow during pregnancy
elevated levels of progesterone
reflex inhibition of ureteral contractions
S1
S2-S4
T11-L2
L3-S1
hepatic toxicity
renal toxicity
neural toxicity
cardiac toxicity
16
32
64
90
protease
lyase
carboxylase
hydrolase
at either side of the prostate
in the pubo-prostatic space
anterior to the seminal vesicles
posterior to the vaso-epididymal junction
GnRH
testosterone
LH
FSH
Ureaplasma urealyticum
Chlamydia trachomatis
E. coli
Neisseria gonorrhea
zinc
fructose
prostate-specific antigen
alkaline phosphatase
hypotension and tachycardia
hypotension and bradycardia
hypertension and tachycardia
hypertension and bradycardia
gender
age
obstructing stone at left lower ureter
rhabdomyolysis
basal cells
intermediate cells
tubulo-columnar cells
neuroendocrine cells
inferior mesenteric artery
superior mesenteric artery
celiac artery
common iliac artery
sterility is the rule
has a considerable short life span
treatment requires testicular microdissection and sperm extraction
47 XXY karyotype
constriction of renal afferent arterioles
renin inhibition
aldosterone stimulation
rise in systemic blood pressure
at birth
2 years
at puberty
none of the above
5 7 days
24 36 hours
2 3 days
12 24 hours
type 1
type 2
type 3
type 4
uretero-pelvic junction
uretero-vesical junction
where ureters cross the pelvic brim
where ureters cross the common iliac bifurcation
79.54
44.19
84.15
94.25
the loin region
the inguinal region
the umbilical region
the penis or clitoris
renal pelvis
branches of the renal artery
tributaries of renal vein
all of the above
kidney stones
glomerulonephritis
BPH
bladder cancer
increase collecting duct permeability
increase medullary blood flow
decrease cortical blood flow
decrease potassium secretion