spermine
acid phosphatase
PSA
semenoglobulin
C. PSA
at either side of the prostate
in the pubo-prostatic space
anterior to the seminal vesicles
posterior to the vaso-epididymal junction
somatic innervations
sympathetic fibers from T11 - L2
the pudendal nerve
the obturator nerve
quadratus lumborum and diaphragm
psoas and diaphragm
psoas and latissimus dorsi
transversus abdominus and paraspinous
ice slush
heparin
norepinephrine
methylene blue
reflux to the upper pole ureter, obstruction to the lower pole ureter
reflux to the lower pole ureter, obstruction to the upper pole ureter
left ureteropelvic junction obstruction, right ureterocele
right ureteropelvic junction obstruction, left ureterocele
the free form of PSA exists in small proportions in the body, and found mainly in BPH and in the ejaculate
α1- anti chymotrypsin binds to 3 epitopes of the PSA molecule to form a complexed PSA
α2- macroglobulin binds to 5 epitopes of the PSA molecule to form a complexed PSA
the purified PSA molecule has a molecular weight of 90 kDa
LH
FSH
HCG
none of the above
influenced by food and medications
renal stones form at the extremes of pH range
reliable only when measured by 24 hr. urine collection
ranges from 4 7
ureteral atresia
vesicoureteral reflux
ureteropelvic junction obstruction
ureteral duplication
the loin region
the inguinal region
the umbilical region
the penis or clitoris
GnRH
testosterone
LH
FSH
vas deferens
seminal vesicles
appendix epididymis
appendix testis
increase collecting duct permeability
increase medullary blood flow
decrease cortical blood flow
decrease potassium secretion
sympathetic to the medulla
parasympathetic to the medulla
sympathetic to the cortex
parasympathetic to the cortex
central zone
peripheral zone
transitional zone
fibromuscular stroma
if PSA reading had exceeded 2.7 ng/ml over 12 months
if free PSA reading was less than 0.4 ng/ml
if total PSA reading was greater than 8 ng/ml
any of the above
middle rectal
inferior vesical
a & b
none of the above
seminal vesicles
the prostate
testes
bulbourethral glands
superior vesical artery
inferior vesical artery
superior gluteal artery
inferior gluteal artery
150 ml
200 ml
250 ml
300 ml
third
fourth
fifth
seventh
sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
urinary output
afferent arteriolar resistance
each epididymis can be palpable at the postero-lateral surface of the testis
has 3 parts; head, body, and tail
new batches of sperms stay in the epididymis around 2 days for maturation
shares the same blood supply of the testis
administration of hypertonic saline
administration of crystalloid
administration of normal saline
administration of ringer lactate
inherited chromosomal-mediated resistance
acquired chromosomal-mediated resistance
extrachromosomal-mediated resistance
all of the above
degenerate after birth
called the caudal genital ligaments
help guide the testes down through the inguinal canals
represent undifferentiated mesenchyme
hypogastric
internal iliac
external iliac
lateral sacral
type 1
type 2
type 3
type 4
hypotension and tachycardia
hypotension and bradycardia
hypertension and tachycardia
hypertension and bradycardia
has a limited cross-resistance with most common antibacterial agents
causes injection site reactions
is active against most uropathogens
is effective as a single-dose agent