43 ml/hr of normal saline
78 ml/hr of ¼ normal saline
69 ml/hr of ½ normal saline
54 ml/hr of ¼ normal saline
D. 54 ml/hr of ¼ normal saline
proximal convoluted tubules
distal convoluted tubules
collecting duct
loop of Henle
influenced by food and medications
renal stones form at the extremes of pH range
reliable only when measured by 24 hr. urine collection
ranges from 4 7
the most superficial layer of the adrenal cortex
responses to increased potassium levels, renin or decreased renal blood flow
it causes pheochromocytoma
secretes aldosterone
renal tuberculosis
urinary tract stones
interstitial cystitis
all of the above
at either side of the prostate
in the pubo-prostatic space
anterior to the seminal vesicles
posterior to the vaso-epididymal junction
sympathetic to the medulla
parasympathetic to the medulla
sympathetic to the cortex
parasympathetic to the cortex
GnRH
testosterone
LH
FSH
clotting factor VIII deficiency
clotting factor IX deficiency
breech delivery
scrotal cavernous haemangioma
tamsulosin
doxazosin
dutasteride
alfuzosin
estradiol
DHT
FSH
testosterone
bone marrow
skeletal muscles
brown fat
liver
the free form of PSA exists in small proportions in the body, and found mainly in BPH and in the ejaculate
α1- anti chymotrypsin binds to 3 epitopes of the PSA molecule to form a complexed PSA
α2- macroglobulin binds to 5 epitopes of the PSA molecule to form a complexed PSA
the purified PSA molecule has a molecular weight of 90 kDa
9 12 weeks
12 15 weeks
15 18 weeks
18 21 weeks
the renal pelvis could be intra or extra renal
the renal pelvis divides into 2 or 3 major calyces
major calyces divide into 2 or 3 minor calyces
unlike lateral calyces, polar calyces are often paired
central zone
peripheral zone
preprostatic tissue
anterior fibromuscular stroma
degenerate after birth
called the caudal genital ligaments
help guide the testes down through the inguinal canals
represent undifferentiated mesenchyme
bound to sex hormone-binding globulin
free
bound to α1-antichymotrypsin
bound to albumin
long arm of X chromosome
long arm of Y chromosome
short arm of Y chromosome
short arm of X chromosome
from early morning urine sample
comparing urine and serum calcium at a given time
performing 24 urine collection
from a mid-stream urine sample
intermediate mesoderm
mesothelium of celomic cavity
endoderm of the urogenital sinus
somatic ectoderm
autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
von Hippel-Lindau disease
tuberous sclerosis
Sturge-Webber syndrome
hypogastric
internal iliac
external iliac
lateral sacral
trauma to the prostate
digital rectal examination
urinary retention
prostatitis
basal cells
intermediate cells
tubulo-columnar cells
neuroendocrine cells
100
50
10
5
retinal hemangioblastoma
ureteral atresia
pheochromocytomas
multiple cysts in the pancreas and kidneys
long-acting insulin
metformin
sulfonylurea
none of the above
increases semen volume
has antimicrobial activity
liquefies the seminal coagulum
decreases semen pH
over estrogen synthesis
defective end-organ androgen response
extra X chromosome (XXY)
failure of genital ridge regression
has a limited cross-resistance with most common antibacterial agents
causes injection site reactions
is active against most uropathogens
is effective as a single-dose agent