A. 20%

B. 30%

C. 40%

D. 50%

A. most classic AMLs eventually undergo malignant transformation to sarcomatoid and epithelioid AML

B. the preferred treatment is nephroureterectomy followed by active surveillance

C. angiographic embolization and/or nephron-sparing surgery is advised for symptomatic AMLs greater than 4 cm

D. extra-renal sites include the pancreas, salivary glands, and thyroids

A. they follow a benign clinical course

B. they have a bimodal age distribution

C. they are more common in men than in women

D. none of the above

A. papillary subtype of RCC has a tendency to multifocality

B. chromosome 13 alterations are common in the development of clear cell renal carcinoma

C. a solid mass on CT that enhances more than 15 HU is suggestive of RCC

D. bilateral involvement in RCC either synchronously or metachronously occurs in 2% to 4% of patients

A. 20%

B. 30%

C. 40%

D. 50%

A. radiographically, it is indistinguishable from RCC

B. has a female predominance

C. has a benign clinical course

D. has a peak incidence in the third decade of life

A. . Metastatic tumors to the kidney are common from all of the following organs, EXCEPT:

B. lungs

C. thyroid

D. breasts

A. acquired cystic renal disease

B. juvenile nephronophthisis

C. medullary sponge kidney

D. bilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney

A. RCC occurs in < 5% of patients with tuberous sclerosis

B. in glomerulocystic kidney disease, renal tumors are typically solitary, large, with central necrosis

C. in Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, renal tumors are frequently bilateral and multicentric

D. in acquired cystic disease, tumors are commonly bilateral, and metastatic in 15% of cases

A. nuclear size, outline, and nucleoli

B. cohesiveness and the degree of cellular atypia

C. chromatin structure and content of the interphase nucleus

D. multinucleation and mitosis

A. type II DM, especially in males

B. hypertension

C. obesity, especially in females

D. cigarette smoking

A. adenoma with clear cell

B. papillary adenoma

C. metanephric adenoma

D. none of the above

A. papillary RCC

B. renal metastases

C. renal oncocytoma

D. renal xanthogranuloma

A. < - 10 HU

B. < - 20 HU

C. < 10 HU

D. < 20 HU

A. the central scar on CT or MRI, and the spoke-wheel pattern of vessels on angiograms are not specific to oncocytoma

B. calcification, necrosis, and hemorrhage are rare in oncocytomas

C. it is thought to arise from the basement membrane of proximal convoluted tubules

D. treatment is partial nephrectomy or tumor excision

A. glomerulocystic kidney disease

B. developmental cystic renal disease

C. Juvenile nephronophthisis

D. medullary cystic kidney disease

A. at autopsy

B. by staining positive for human melanoma black (HMB)-45

C. by fine-needle aspiration cytology

D. by exclusion

A. clear cell

B. chromophobe

C. papillary

D. renal medullary

A. . What is an indication for radical nephrectomy?

B. a 6-cm, polar tumor

C. bilateral RCC

D. locally advanced RCC

A. autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)

B. developmental cystic renal disease

C. inherited cystic renal disease

D. systemic disease with associated renal cysts

A. is the first and most reliable radiologic examination to study IVC thrombi

B. is reserved for patients with equivocal MRI or CT findings

C. is obsolete and has fallen out of use

D. carries a risk of IVC terrible bleeding that outweighs the diagnostic merits

A. . What is false concerning targeted molecular therapy?

B. is a personalized medical therapy devised to meet each persons individual needs for cancer`s specifications

C. treats cancer by interrupting unique molecular abnormalities that drive cancer growth

D. some cancer types have different molecular targets

A. I

B. II

C. III

D. IV

A. mutations in the MCKD1 (chromosome 1q21) gene

B. mutations in the MCKD2 (chromosome 16q12) gene

C. inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion

D. all of the above

A. . What is the most common histologic subtype of renal sarcomas?

B. rhabdomyosarcoma

C. nephrosarcoma

D. leiomyosarcoma

A. most lesions ≤ 4 cm are asymptomatic

B. renal masses with fat content is pathognomonic for AML

C. renal biopsy from AML carries a high risk of hemorrhage

D. may coexist with malignant lesions, such as sarcomas and RCCs

A. hepatic cysts are the most common extra-renal manifestation

B. might experience cyst hemorrhage, renal infection, or nephrolithiasis

C. typically, complain of flank pain or intermittent hematuria in the early twenties

D. hypertension and CRF commonly occur in the fifth decade of life

A. renal oncocytoma

B. multiloculated cystic nephromas

C. metanephric adenoma

D. adenoma with clear cell

A. is > 90% in Bosniak type IV renal cysts

B. in patients receiving renal transplants for polycystic kidney disease is 48% higher than that expected in the general population

C. all of the above

D. simple renal cysts might turn malignant in < 4% of cases

A. . What is the relapse rate for completely resected RCC after radical nephrectomy?

B. 1- 10%

C. 10 - 20%

D. 20 - 30%

A. repeat ablation

B. active surveillance

C. salvage surgery

D. radical nephrectomy