Nickel
Chromium
Nickel and chromium
Sulphur, lead and phosphorus
C. Nickel and chromium
Silicon
Sulphur
Manganese
Phosphorus
Amorphous material
Mesomorphous material
Crystalline material
None of these
Calcined ore (8 parts), coke (4 parts) and limestone (1 part)
Calcined ore (4 parts), coke (1 part) and limestone (8 parts)
Calcined ore (1 part), coke (8 parts) and limestone (4 parts)
Calcined ore, coke and limestone all in equal parts
Cementite
Free graphite
Both A and B
None of these
Austenite
Martensite
Pearlite
Cementite
The points where no further change occurs
Constant for all metals
The points where there is no further flow of metal
The points of discontinuity
There is no change in grain size
The average grain size is a minimum
The grain size increases very rapidly
The grain size first increases and then decreases very rapidly
Below 10°K
Above 100°K
Around 0°C
Around 100°C
Sulphur, lead, phosphorous
Silicon, aluminium, titanium
Vanadium, aluminium
Chromium, nickel
Improves wear resistance, cutting ability and toughness
Refines grain size and produces less tendency to carburisation, improves corrosion and heat resistant properties
Improves cutting ability and reduces hardenability
Gives ductility, toughness, tensile strength and anticorrosion properties
0.5 to 1 %
1.2 %
2.5 to 4.5 %
5 to 7 %
Paramagnetic
Ferromagnetic
Ferroelectric
Dielectric
Nickel and copper
Nickel and chromium
Nickel, Chromium and iron
Copper and chromium
Grain growth, recrystallisation, stress relief
Stress relief, grain growth, recrystallisation
Stress relief, recrystallisation, grain growth
Grain growth, stress relief, recrystallisation
Equal to
Less than
More than
None of these
0.8 %
Below 0.8 %
Above 0.8 %
None of these
Room temperature
Near melting point
Between 1400°C and 1539°C
Between 910°C and 1400°C
Core defects
Surface defects
Superficial defects
Temporary defects
Strength
Stiffness
Toughness
Brittleness
Contains 1.7 to 3.5% carbon in Free State and is obtained by the slow cooling of molten cast iron
Is also known as chilled cast iron and is obtained by cooling rapidly. It is almost unmachinable
Is produced by annealing process. It is soft, tough, and easily machined metal
Is produced by small additions of magnesium (or cerium) in the ladle. Graphite is in the nodular or spheroidal form and is well dispersed throughout the material
35
57
710
1015
Lead base alloy
Copper base alloy
Tin base alloy
Cadmium base alloy
It is prone to age hardening
It can be forged
It has good machining properties
It is lighter than pure aluminium
Percentage of carbon
Percentage of alloying elements
Heat treatment employed
Shape of carbides and their distribution in iron
Decrease
Increase
Remain constant
First increase and then decrease
Body centered cubic
Face centred cubic
Hexagonal close packed
Cubic structure
600 VPN
1500 VPN
1000 to 1100 VPN
250 VPN
Copper
Brass
Lead
Silver
Yield point increases
Ductility decreases
Ultimate tensile strength increases
All of these
Alpha iron, beta iron and gamma iron
Alpha iron and beta iron
Body centred cubic iron and face centred cubic iron
Alpha iron, gamma from and delta iron