1992
1993
1995
1994
C. 1995
FDI made by a group of firms.
FDI made in subsidiaries.
FDI made in similar products.
FDI made in unrelated products.
FDI up to 100% subject to condition that they invest 26 % in favour of Indian Public within 5 yrs
FDI up to 100%
FDI up to 100% subject to condition that they invest 26 % in favor of Indian Public within 10 yrs
FDI up to 49%
age of mass consumption.
age of mass production.
maturity.
drive to maturity.
GATT/WTO
GATS/IMF
WTO/WORLD BANK
WORLD BANK/WIPO
relationships based on equality and informality.
authority being accepted without question.
managers being paternalistic.
tall organizations structure.
Threat of entrants; power of buyers; power of suppliers; threat of substitutes; competitive rivalry.
Threat of buyers; power of entry; power of substitutes; threat of suppliers; threat of recession.
Threat of recession; power of buyers; power of suppliers; threat of management failure; competitive rivalry.
Threat of entry; power of buyers; power of suppliers; threat of substitutes; government action
Standardization v/s adaptation
Globalization v/s localization
Global integration v/s Local Responsiveness
Local responsiveness
Government
Organized Trade union
Factor Conditions
Demand Conditions
Government action, exchange rates, competition and sociodemographic factors.
Market convergence, competition, exchange rates and cost advantages.
Cost advantages, government action, economic cycles and competition.
Market, cost, competition and government policies.
Place of origin of goods.
Special characteristics of the product associated with the place of origin.
Place and special characters of the product.
Place or special characters of the product.
Licensing
Exporting
Wholly owned subsidiaries
Foreign Direct Investment
Ohilin-Hecksher
FY Taylor
Richardo
Porter
Encourage exports and imports
Encourage exports and discourage imports
Discourage exports and imports
Discourage exports and encourage imports
Profit will be less.
Size of investment will be high.
Lesser control in management.
Delay in establishment.
1992
1993
1995
1994
Domestic, Transnational, Global, International, Multinational
Domestic, International, Multinational, Global, Transnational
Domestic, Multinational, International, Transnational, Global
Domestic, International, Transnational, Multinational, Global
At least one -third directors are foreign nationals
The company does 40% of its business in foreign markets
The overseas markets are larger than the domestic market
The affiliates are responsive tio a number of important environmental forces
different currencies
product quality
product mobility
trade policies
gross national income.
gross domestic product.
per capita gross national income.
per capita gross domestic product.
Cultural Values
Society
Technology
Economy
credit risk.
political risk.
financial risk.
business risk.
Polycentric Approach
Regiocentric Approach
Ethnocentric Approach
Geocentric Approach
EXIM Bank
World Bank
IMF
International Financial Bank
Global
International
Multi-domestic
Transnational
Hofstedes five cultural dimensions
Monochromatic vs polychromatic tune
Communication
Geography
Conciliation.
Arbitration.
Negotiations.
Conciliation and arbitration.
money supply.
money supply and interest rate.
money supply, interest rate and exchange rate.
credit creation by banks.
Low
Moderate
High
Very High
High level of inequality of power and wealth within the society
Normal Power and Wealth
High level of political corruption
Low level of Human Development Index
Adam smith
D. Richardo
Raymond Varnoon
Porter